Before the advent of Islam, what was the primary polytheistic religion practiced by most tribes in the Arabian Peninsula, centered around idols in the Kaaba in Mecca?
The Battle of Manzikert in 1071, a decisive victory for the Seljuk Turks, severely weakened which empire, opening Anatolia to Turkic settlement?
Which city is home to the Dome of the Rock, one of the oldest surviving examples of Islamic architecture, built on the Temple Mount?
The Safavid Empire, established in Persia, famously made which branch of Islam its official state religion, differentiating it from its Ottoman neighbors?
Which ancient kingdom, located in present-day Yemen, was known for its control over the lucrative frankincense and myrrh trade routes, and is believed to be the home of the Queen of Sheba?
The Camp David Accords, signed in 1978, led to a peace treaty between Israel and which Arab nation?
Which Muslim general famously recaptured Jerusalem from the Crusaders in 1187, after the Battle of Hattin?
By the mid-10th century, the Abbasid Caliphs in Baghdad largely lost their temporal power and became spiritual figureheads under the domination of which Shi'ite Persian dynasty?
The 1979 Iranian Revolution led to the overthrow of the Pahlavi monarchy and the establishment of an Islamic Republic under the leadership of which Ayatollah?
The concept of algebra, derived from the Arabic word 'al-jabr,' was significantly developed by which Persian mathematician of the Islamic Golden Age?