Which Genevan philosopher, in *The Social Contract*, argued that legitimate political authority comes from the 'general will' of the people, not from divine right or inherited power?
Which German philosopher famously declared 'God is dead' in *The Gay Science*, lamenting the decline of traditional morality and the rise of nihilism in Western society?
Which Irish philosopher is known for his idealism, epitomized by the phrase 'Esse est percipi' ('To be is to be perceived'), suggesting that physical objects exist only as perceptions in a mind?
Which Hellenistic school of philosophy, founded by Zeno of Citium, taught that virtue, reason, and living in harmony with nature are the keys to a good life, emphasizing emotional resilience?
What is the name of the test proposed by Alan Turing to determine if a machine can exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human?
Which German philosopher founded the philosophical movement of Phenomenology, advocating for a return 'to the things themselves' through a method of rigorous descriptive analysis of conscious experience?
In his work *Leviathan*, which English philosopher described the 'state of nature' as a 'war of all against all' (bellum omnium contra omnes), necessitating a strong sovereign to maintain order?
In Plato's theory of Forms, what are the perfect, unchanging, and eternal archetypes that exist independently of the physical world and are the true objects of knowledge?
Which major Eastern philosophy is centered around the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, leading to the cessation of suffering and the attainment of Nirvana?
Which intellectual movement, prominent in the early 20th century (especially associated with the Vienna Circle), asserted that statements are only meaningful if they are empirically verifiable or analytically true?